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          SSO单点登录和CAS框架
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        <h2 id="SSO单点登录"><a href="#SSO单点登录" class="headerlink" title="SSO单点登录"></a>SSO单点登录</h2><p><strong>单点登录</strong>（英语：Single sign-on，缩写为 SSO），又译为<strong>单一签入</strong>，一种对于许多相互关连，但是又是各自独立的软件系统，提供<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/存取控制" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">访问控制</a>的属性。当拥有这项属性时，当用户<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/登入" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">登录</a>时，就可以获取所有系统的访问权限，不用对每个单一系统都逐一登录。这项功能通常是以<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/轻型目录访问协议" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">轻型目录访问协议</a>（LDAP）来实现，在服务器上会将用户信息存储到LDAP数据库中。相同的，<strong>单一退出</strong>（single sign-off）就是指，只需要单一的退出动作，就可以结束对于多个系统的访问权限。</p>
<h3 id="优点"><a href="#优点" class="headerlink" title="优点"></a>优点</h3><p>使用单点登录的好处包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>降低访问第三方网站的风险（不存储用户密码，或在外部管理）。</li>
<li>减少因不同的用户名和密码组合而带来的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=密碼疲勞&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">密码疲劳</a>。</li>
<li>减少为相同的身份重新输入密码所花费的时间。</li>
<li>因减少与密码相关的调用IT<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/服务台" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">服务台</a>的次数而降低IT成本。<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/單一登入#cite_note-1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>SSO为所有其它应用程序和系统，以集中的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=验证服务器&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">验证服务器</a>提供身份验证，并结合技术以确保用户不必频繁输入密码。</p>
<h2 id="CAS框架"><a href="#CAS框架" class="headerlink" title="CAS框架"></a>CAS框架</h2><p>CAS 协议基于在<strong>客户端</strong>Web浏览器、Web<strong>应用</strong>和<strong>CAS服务器</strong>之间的票据验证。当客户端访问访问应用程序，请求身份验证时，应用程序重定向到CAS。CAS验证客户端是否被授权，通常通过在数据库对用户名和密码进行检查。如果身份验证成功，CAS一次性在客户端以Cookie形式发放TGT票据，在其有效期CAS将一直信任用户，同时将客户端自动返回到应用程序，并向应用传递身份验证票（Service ticket）。然后，应用程序通过安全连接连接CAS，并提供自己的服务标识和验证票。之后CAS给出了关于特定用户是否已成功通过身份验证的应用程序授信信息。</p>
<h3 id="历史"><a href="#历史" class="headerlink" title="历史"></a>历史</h3><ul>
<li><p>CAS是由<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/耶鲁大学" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">耶鲁大学</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/集中式认证服务#cite_note-1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">[1]</a>的Shawn Bayern创始的，后来由耶鲁大学的Drew Mazurek维护。CAS1.0实现了单点登录。 CAS2.0引入了多级代理认证（Multi-tier proxy authentication）。CAS其他几个版本已经有了新的功能。</p>
</li>
<li><p>2004年12月，CAS成为<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasig&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">Jasig</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/集中式认证服务#cite_note-2" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">[2]</a>的一个项目，2008年该组织负责CAS的维护和发展。CAS原名“耶鲁大学CAS”，此后被称为“Jasig CAS”。</p>
</li>
<li><p>2005年5月，CAS协议版本2发布，引入代理和服务验证。</p>
</li>
<li><p>2006年12月，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=安德鲁·W·梅隆基金会&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">安德鲁·W·梅隆基金会</a>授予耶鲁大学第一届梅隆技术协作奖，颁发50000美元的奖金对耶鲁大学开发CAS进行奖励。<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/集中式认证服务#cite_note-3" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank">[3]</a>颁奖之时，CAS在“数以百计的大学校园”中使用。</p>
</li>
<li><p>2012年12月，JASIG与Sakai基金合并，CAS改名为Apereo CAS。</p>
</li>
<li><p>2016年11月，基于Spring Boot的CAS软件版本5发布。</p>
</li>
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